The Ministry of Earth Sciences has emphasized its commitment to addressing climate change and its regional impacts across India. In a written reply presented in the Rajya Sabha, Union Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Science & Technology and Earth Sciences, Dr. Jitendra Singh, detailed the challenges posed by rising temperatures and the steps India is taking to mitigate these impacts.
Global Warming and the 1.5°C Threshold
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has warned that the global average temperature must remain below 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels to prevent catastrophic consequences. Achieving this requires net-zero emissions by 2050. Although India contributes minimally to global greenhouse gas emissions, the nation has exceeded its share of responsibilities to tackle climate change through domestic initiatives and international collaborations.
India’s Climate Change Initiatives
India’s efforts are anchored in the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) and its state-level counterpart, the State Action Plan on Climate Change (SAPCC). These frameworks encompass key missions in critical areas such as:
Solar Energy: Expanding renewable energy capacity.
Energy Efficiency: Promoting efficient use of energy across sectors.
Water Conservation: Ensuring sustainable water management.
Sustainable Agriculture: Enhancing climate-resilient farming practices.
Health: Addressing climate-induced health risks.
Himalayan Ecosystem Preservation: Protecting fragile ecosystems.
Sustainable Habitat Development: Promoting green urban planning.
Green India: Increasing forest cover to act as carbon sinks.
India has also led global efforts, including initiatives like the International Solar Alliance (ISA) and the Coalition for Disaster-Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI), showcasing its leadership in climate resilience.
Evidence of Rising Temperatures
The IPCC Assessment Report 6 (AR6) and national studies highlight the significant impacts of rising temperatures. Between 1901 and 2018, India’s surface air temperature increased by approximately 0.7°C, accompanied by higher atmospheric moisture levels. The tropical Indian Ocean saw a sea surface temperature rise of 1°C between 1951 and 2015.
Impact on Glaciers and Related Risks
Glaciers, highly sensitive to temperature changes, are retreating rapidly. Key findings include:
1. Hindu Kush Himalayan Glaciers: Retreating at an average rate of 14.9 ± 15.1 meters annually, with variations across river basins.
2. Chandra Basin: Lost about 6% of its glacial area over the past two decades and significant ice mass between 2013-2021.
3. Bhaga Basin: Experienced ice mass loss ranging from 6 to 9 meters water equivalent during 2008-2021.
Glacier retreat contributes to water flow changes, initially increasing availability but eventually causing shortages, impacting agriculture, drinking water, and ecosystems. It also increases the risk of hazards like glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs), avalanches, and debris flows.
Way Forward
India’s focus on monitoring glaciers through various institutes and implementing proactive measures reflects its commitment to combating climate change. With rising temperatures already altering human and natural systems, India’s comprehensive approach serves as a blueprint for climate resilience globally.
By balancing domestic initiatives with international collaboration, India continues to lead in addressing the multifaceted challenges of climate change, aiming for a sustainable and secure future for all.