July 25 has been a day of notable occurrences with both triumphs and tragedies during history. A turning point in Roman history, Constantine I’s armies declared him Roman emperor in 306. Near the Colosseum in Rome, three years later the Arch of Constantine was finished honouring Constantine’s triumph over Maxentius.
Eleanor of Aquitaine married Prince Louis, subsequently King Louis VII of France, at the Cathedral of Saint-André in Bordeaux in 1137, therefore influencing European politics. Two years later, Prince Afonso Henriques emerged triumphant against the Almoravids and crowned King of Portugal.
Nicaean army reclaimed Constantinople in 1261, therefore restoring the Byzantine Empire. The Emirate of Granada and the Maranid Dynasty triumphed against the Kingdom of Castile in the naval Battle of Algeciras three years later.
While the Spanish Conquistador Francisco de Orellana established Guayaquil in 1538, Sebastián de Belalcázar constructed Santiago de Cali in 1536. France’s Henry II was crowned in 1547; Mary I and Philip II of Spain were married at Winchester Cathedral in 1554.
James VI and I and Anne of Denmark were crowned in Westminster Abbey in 1603, therefore launching the Stuart dynasty. Over 43,000 individuals perished when an 8.5 magnitude earthquake hit eastern China in 1668.
Tragically in Canadian history, British governor Charles Lawrence and the Nova Scotia Council directed the expulsion of the Acadians in 1755. The American Revolutionary War came to an end in 1783 with a preliminary peace deal following the Siege of Cuddalore.
Published in 1792, the Brunswick Manifesto promised retribution should the French royal family be harmed. During Tenerife’s abortive campaign in 1797, Horatio Nelson lost his right arm.
American invasion on Canada defeated in 1814 was part of the War of 1812 In 1824 Costa Rica claimed Guanacaste from Nicaragua. An electrical telegraph was first used commercially in London in 1837.
Famous Californian bandit Joaquin Murrieta his away in 1853. Declaring that the war was being fought to maintain the Union rather than to abolish slavery, the United States Congress adopted the Crittenden-Johnson Resolution in 1861.
Part of the Meiji Restoration, the Japanese daimyōs started transferring their land holdings to the emperor in 1869. Beginning in 1894, the First Sino-Japanese War lasted until 1897; American writer Jack London set forth a sailing expedition to participate in the gold rush of the Klondike.
Ajinomoto was established in 1908; Kikunae Ikeda came upon monosodium glutamate (MSG). In 1909 Louis Blériot flew the first over the English Channel.
RFC Captain Lanoe Hawker became the first British chase aviator to merit the Victoria Cross in 1915. First income taxes paid in Canada were instituted by Sir Robert Borden in 1917.
TASS, the Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union, was founded in 1925 In 1934 the Nazis killed Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss.
General Henri Guisan gave the Swiss Army orders to fight German invasion in 1940; in 1942, the Norwegian Manifesto demanded nonviolent opposition to the German occupation.
Benito Mussolini was ousted from office in 1943; Operation Spring produced one of the bloodiest days the First Canadian Army had during the war.
Killing 51, the SS Andrea Doria drowned after running afoul of the MS Stockholm in 1956. In 1957 President Habib Bourguiba replaced Tunisian King Muhammad VIII al-Amin.
John F. Kennedy underlined in 1961 that whatever attack on Berlin was an attack on NATO. At the Newport Folk Festival in 1965, Bob Dylan turned electric, therefore signifying a fundamental shift in folk and rock music.
While Louise Joy Brown’s birth in 1978 signified a medical revolution, the terrible events of the 1971 Sohagpur massacre and the 1978 Cerro Maravilla murders were not.
Two major milestones towards peace were Israel’s 1979 departure from Sinai and its 1994 peace pact with Jordan. But two terrible occurrences were the Black July massacre in 1983 and the Saint James Church massacre in 1993. Historic successes were the 1984 spacewalk by Svetlana Savitskaya and the 2007 Indian presidency by Pratibha Patil.
Tragic events included the 1995 Paris gas explosion, 1996 Burundi coup and 2000 Concorde tragedy. WikiLeaks revealed Afghan War information in 2010; coordinated strikes in Syria in 2018. 2019 brought Europe record breaking temperatures.