1. Origins and Structure

The Supreme Court was established by the Constitutional Convention of 1787, although it wasn’t formally established until Congress passed the Judiciary Act in 1789. Here are key points about its structure:

• Nine Justices: The Court consists of nine justices: one Chief Justice and eight Associate Justices. They meet at the iconic Supreme Court Building in Washington, D.C.
• Lifetime Tenure: Justices serve for life, ensuring their independence from political pressures.
• Appointments: When a vacancy occurs, the President nominates a new justice, subject to Senate confirmation.

2. Appellate Jurisdiction and Judicial Review

• Appellate Authority: SCOTUS has ultimate appellate jurisdiction over all U.S. federal court cases and state court cases involving U.S. constitutional or federal law.
• Judicial Review: The Court holds the power of judicial review. It can invalidate statutes or presidential directives that violate the Constitution or statutory law.

3. Landmark Decisions: Shaping America

The Court’s decisions have profoundly impacted American society. Let’s explore some pivotal moments:

1. Marbury v. Madison (1803):
   • Chief Justice John Marshall established the principle of judicial review. The Court declared an act of Congress unconstitutional for the first time.
2. Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857):
   • The Court ruled that enslaved individuals were not citizens and had no rights. This decision intensified sectional tensions leading up to the Civil War.
3. Brown v. Board of Education (1954):
   • The Court unanimously struck down racial segregation in public schools, catalyzing the civil rights movement.
4. Roe v. Wade (1973):
   • The Court recognized a woman’s right to choose abortion, sparking decades of debate.
5. Citizens United v. FEC (2010):
   • The Court’s decision allowed unlimited corporate spending in elections, reshaping campaign finance.

4. Balancing Power and Independence

• Checks and Balances: SCOTUS ensures a balance of power among the three branches of government.
• Chief Justice’s Role: The Chief Justice presides over the Court, assigns opinion writing, and influences its direction.

5. Global Influence

• Unique Role: Unlike many other countries’ supreme courts, SCOTUS combines appellate jurisdiction, original jurisdiction, and judicial review.
• Global Precedent: Other nations often look to SCOTUS decisions as legal precedents.

In summary, the American Supreme Court stands as a beacon of justice, interpreting the Constitution, safeguarding rights, and shaping the nation’s destiny. Its decisions echo through history, leaving an indelible mark on American democracy.