Washington: Global food and nutrition security remains fragile as higher fertilizer costs, supply-chain disruptions and geopolitical tensions continue to create pressure across international food markets, according to the latest assessment from the World Bank.

The situation is particularly concerning for countries that depend heavily on imported food, fuel and agricultural inputs. Rising production and transportation costs can put additional pressure on food prices and household incomes.

Fertilizer Costs Become a Major Concern

Fertilizer markets have faced significant pressure during 2026. The World Bank reported that fertilizer prices increased by about 35 percent during the first five months of the year compared with the same period in 2025.

Higher fertilizer prices can affect farmers’ production decisions and increase the cost of growing crops. If farmers reduce fertilizer use because of affordability problems, agricultural yields could eventually come under pressure.

Energy Markets Affect Food Production

Energy prices have become closely connected with agricultural costs.

Natural gas is an important input in the production of nitrogen fertilizers, while higher fuel prices also increase transportation and farming expenses. Disruptions affecting energy and fertilizer flows can therefore spread through agricultural supply chains and eventually influence food prices.

Climate Risks Add Uncertainty

Weather conditions remain another major factor affecting global food security.

The World Bank has highlighted the possibility of El Niño conditions creating additional risks for agricultural production in several regions, including parts of South Asia, Southern Africa and East Asia. Changes in rainfall and temperature patterns could affect important crops if adverse conditions become sufficiently strong or persistent.

Food Supplies Remain Broadly Adequate

Despite the risks, the global food situation is not defined by an overall shortage of major staples.

The World Bank’s latest food-security assessment says global supplies remain broadly adequate, while disruptions and higher costs are creating affordability and access problems in vulnerable economies. Major cereal production is also expected to decline from record levels recorded in 2025.

This distinction is important because food insecurity can increase even when global supplies remain sufficient if people cannot afford food or countries face difficulties importing essential commodities.

Developing Countries Face Greater Pressure

Low-income and import-dependent economies are particularly exposed to food and fertilizer price shocks.

When food and fuel costs rise simultaneously, households may have to spend a larger share of their income on basic necessities. Governments with limited fiscal resources can also face difficulties expanding subsidies or social-protection programmes.

The World Bank has warned that the poorest populations are likely to face the greatest impact from simultaneous energy, fertilizer and food-market disruptions.

Open Trade Can Support Food Security

Maintaining functioning international markets is another important part of the global response.

The World Bank has argued that open food and fertilizer markets can improve resilience during periods of disruption. Restrictions on trade can amplify shortages and increase pressure on markets when supplies are already under stress.

Global Response Remains Important

International organisations are monitoring food, fertilizer and commodity markets while supporting countries facing food-security challenges.

Improving agricultural productivity, maintaining supply chains, supporting vulnerable households and ensuring access to essential farm inputs will remain important as governments respond to the changing global environment.

The latest developments show that global food security depends not only on crop production but also on energy markets, trade routes, climate conditions and geopolitical stability.